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The measurement of the heterogeneous particles in the steam
Bartoš, Ondřej ; Hrubý, Jan ; Ždímal, Vladimír ; Kolovratník, Michal ; Jiříček, I. ; Moravec, Pavel ; Zíková, Naděžda
The aim of this extended abstract is to reveal the work done as cooperation between several institutions which was presented and published in recent years (Kolovratník, 2014). The formation of droplets in low-pressure steam turbines has a significant impact on the efficiency of energy conversion due to the strongly nonequilibrium nature of this process . The condensed water also erodes the turbine blades. A very important question is to what extent heterogeneous nucleation contributes to the phase transition process . In the case of heterogeneous nucleation , the number of droplets depends only on the number of h eterogeneous particles in the system, whereas in the case of homogeneous nucleation, the number of created droplets is determined rather by the expansion rate - in a faster expansion, greater supersaturation and more droplets are formed until the released condensation enthalpy quenches the nucleation.\nThe specific number of droplets (number of droplets per unit mass of steam) formed in the turbine can be determined by optical probes, developed first by Walters and later in the Czech Republic improved by Petr and Kolovratník. Until recently, no information was available on the relative importance of heterogeneous nucleation in forming these droplets.
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A 5 year´s source apportionment study of black carbon from biomass burning and fossil fuel combustion at a rural background site
Mbengue, Saliou ; Šerfözö, Norbert ; Schwarz, Jaroslav ; Zíková, Naděžda ; Holubová, Adéla ; Holoubek, Ivan
The impacts of Black Carbon (BC) on adverse public health and Earth’s climate system have been recognized and evidenced in recent decades. Most of the studies on BC were conducted in urban/traffic areas. There are relatively few studies using real-time measurements of BC at rural background areas, especially in Central Europe. This study is a 5-year characterization of BC from biomass burning (BCbb) and fossil fuel combustion (BCff) at the National Atmospheric Observatory Košetice (49°35ʹ N, 15°05ʹ E), in central Czech Republic. The measurements of BC in PM10 were performed at 4 m above the ground with a multiple wavelength aethalometer (AE31, Magee Scientific). Paralell measurement of trace gases (NO2, NOx and SO2), biomass burning tracers (levoglucosan and mannosan) and meteorological parameters (temperature, wind speed and direction) were also performed at the station.
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Plný tet: SKMBT_C22019110512331 - PDF
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Nanoparticles Personal Exposure Measurement Using a Novel Active Personal Nanoparticle Sampler During Machining and Weldind of Nanomaterials.
Ondráčková, Lucie ; Vlčková, Lucia ; Ondráček, Jakub ; Schwarz, Jaroslav ; Ždímal, Vladimír
Development of nanotechnology has grown very rapidly in past decades. Therefore, it has become increasingly important to monitor the exposure of workers in nanoparticle-based manufacturing operations. In order to determine real personal exposure, it is advisable to take a sample within the worker’s breathing zone. To perform this task, there is not much of a choice yet, since experimental methods are still under development. Recently, a novel active personal nanoparticle sampler (PENS) has been developed, collecting both respirable mass fraction (RPM) and nanoparticles (NPs) simultaneously.
Fulltext: content.csg - PDF
Plný tet: SKMBT_C22019110512090 - PDF
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Modelling of Binary Nucleation in Laminar Co - Flow Tube.
Trávníčková, Tereza ; Havlica, Jaromír ; Hrubý, Jan ; Ždímal, Vladimír
Particle nucleation is one of the important phenomena encountered in both chemical engineering and environmental studies. The Laminar Co-Flow Tube (LCFT) was designed for experimental measurement of binary and ternary nucleation of mixtures of atmospheric aerosols at laboratory conditions, most often H2SO4 + H2O + amines (MEA, TEA)/terpenes (alfa-pinene, limonene). Two models were used for mathematical modeling of momentum and mass transfer in the LFDC. 2D axisymmetric CFD model and simplified 1D analytical model. A parametric study was carried out using both models and the influence of the individual simplifications of analytical model on overall behavior of the system was discussed.
Fulltext: content.csg - PDF
Plný tet: SKMBT_C22019110512052 - PDF
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Thermodynamic Study of Water Activity in Atmospheric Aerosol Particles.
Asadzadeh, Behnaz ; Bendová, Magdalena ; Ždímal, Vladimír
Atmospheric aerosols are complex mixtures of various inorganic−organic compounds and play significant roles in atmospheric chemistry, earth’s climate, and global radiation budget as well as in human health. Hygroscopicity is the ability of the particle to uptake water from surrounding environment. Hygroscopicity can directly control the size distribution, chemical reactivity, and phase state of aerosol particles and thus contribute to radiative forcing on the climate system, including both the direct forcing by absorbing or scattering light and indirect forcing through activation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Interactions between inorganic−organic may have a crucial impact on the hygroscopic behaviour of aerosol droplets and lead to discrepancies from ideal thermodynamic behavior. The non-ideality of mixtures in aerosol particles influences the gas-particle partitioning and affects the physical state of the condensed phase, potentially leading to liquid-liquid phase separation. Thermodynamic models are key tools to gain insight into the non-ideal behavior of organic-inorganic mixtures. By means of activity coefficients, non-ideal behaviour can be taken into account. In this study we developed a thermodynamic segment-based local composition model named NRTL (Non Random Two Liquid) to describe the aktivity coefficients of organic and inorganic aerosol particles.\n
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Plný tet: SKMBT_C22019110512053 - PDF
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Verification of Electrical and Gravimetric Measurement of ELPI.
Ondráček, Jakub ; Roztočil, Petr ; Ondráčková, Lucie ; Vlčková, Lucia ; Benešová Ševčíková, Irena ; Procházková, Věra ; Kugler, Josef ; Otáhal, P.
This contribution compares the gravimetric and electrical measurement of ELPI impactor with traditional and very well-established aerosol spectrometers (SMPS, APS and CPC)\non set of well-defined aerosols (different composition, sizes and morphology).
Fulltext: content.csg - PDF
Plný tet: SKMBT_C22019110512042 - PDF
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